Gun Control Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Gun Control - Research Paper Example Thus, gun control remains an emotive aspect, as on the one hand, there is need for overall citizen safety and welfare; this at the same time providing for the freedom to bear arms as enshrined in the 2nd Amendment (Trotter). As Susan Dudley rightly views, â€Å"The right of the people to keep and bear arms in defense of themselves and of the lawful authority of the state shall not be infringed, except that the manner of bearing arms may be regulated by law.?† (39) This not only being her perspective, but an ideal that is off uttermost importance to true patriots of America. This rights traces its roots to the nation’s founding, when European colonialists settling in the Newfoundland, brought guns for protection and as a means of food provision; protection against the native populations, while food came from hunted game. With the conquest and huge tracks of land in their belonging, the settlers soon discovered the value of having armed men as protection of their new colo nies; this against hostile native Indians among other enemies. Hence, the passing of the Massachusetts Bay laws; this requiring all able-bodied men to bear arm through their joining of state militia, with other settlements following suit. (Gold 33). The American defence against King George’s (3rd ) well armed and disciplined British soldiers, proved too tough even for the aforementioned militia; this necessitating Congress’ establishment of the Continental army. Being led by George Washington, the gun provisions at first proved inadequate, but with the invention of the Colt revolver, being cheaper and firing six times in rapid succession, was to change the above scenario and hence America’s history. By utility of state-of-the-art machinery, in addition to assembly/ industrial production, America soon led the global arena in firearm production. The colt’s greatness can only be best espoused through a popular Western gun lovers’ saying ‘God cre ated men; Colonel Colt made them equal. (Gold, 34) this said, it is hence vividly clear, as to the great place, guns (firearms) possess in America’s history (Moorhouse 103). Thus, the big question, should America have gun control? This is not an easy question as it pertains to a closely held issue pertinent to its citizen’s wellbeing. As is known, the right to arms is rooted in a need for personal protection (of both life and personal property), and in the armed forces; this as espousing their overall need for establishment, security and maintenance of America’s sovereignty. This is best espoused by Gold (26): â€Å"That the right of the citizens to bear arms, in defence of themselves and the state, shall not be questioned.† Thus, should gun control be enforced? Though as aforementioned, it is the right of American citizens to bear arms, it is also the duty of the Federal government to put in check the availability and possession of firearms. â€Å"That a well regulated militia, composed of the body of the people, trained to arms, is the proper, natural and safe defence of a free State; that standing armies, in time of peace, should be avoided as dangerous to liberty; and that in all cases the military should be under strict subordination to, and governed by, the civil power† (Haerens 27). The above portends to the existent danger

How Might Deprivation Lead to Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

How Might Deprivation Lead to Crime - Essay Example In these models, deprivation leads to crime by placing low-income individuals who have low returns from market activity in proximity to high-income individuals who have things that are worth taking. A formal model of deprivation and property crime in which individuals choose between legitimate and criminal activity can be found in Chiu and Madden (1998, p123-141). Most empirical tests of the economic theory of crime have been concerned with the deterrent effects of the criminal justice system in particular by how increased police activity and imprisonment rates reduce crime, and whether this reduction is due to prevention or incapacitation (Tierney 1996). In the past several studies have considered the effect on crime of deprivation, albeit indirectly through the effect of low earnings on criminal activity (Roger 2002). In contrast to the economics of crime literature, which focuses on the deterrent effects of the formal criminal justice system, social disorganization theory considers factors that diminish the effectiveness of informal social controls. Shaw and McKay (1942) identified poverty, ethnic heterogeneity, and residential mobility as the three factors that weaken networks of social control and undermine the ability and willingness of communities to exercise informal control over their members. Sampson (1987) has added family stability to this list. For social disorganization theory, deprivation causes crime indirectly by being associated with poverty. Several of the classic theories of crime, including Marxist, strain, and utilitarian rely heavily on economic factors such as poverty and unemployment to account for variations in crime rates (Shihadeh & Ousey 1998). Researchers since the nineteenth century have suggested a positive association between poverty and crime in urban areas (Tierney 1996). This may be due to the fact that the relationship between poverty and crime is contingent upon the specific crime category under consideration (Patterson 1991). In Merton's (1938, p672-682) strain theory, individuals low in the social structure are perturbed by their failure to attain the material attributes of success, and this failure is more substantial when they are confronted by the success of those around them. Unsuccessful individuals become alienated from society and commit the crime in response. Individual alienation can arise from income deprivation or from belonging to a racial minority. The predictions of strain and social disorganization theories have been subject to extensive but questionable empirical testing in the sociological literature. The influential study of Blau and Blau (1982, p114-129) found a strong relationship between measured income deprivation and homicide rates in large metropolitan areas in 1970. Such theories rely on the troubling assumption that macro-level relationships reflect the sum of a series of individual-level social-psychological processes. Blau and Blau's (1982, p114-129) prominently stated that highly stratified environments generate feelings of resentment and frustration in individuals.  

Structural Components Of Suspension Bridge Engineering Essay

Structural Components Of Suspension Bridge Engineering Essay INTRODUCTION Suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the road way or the deck is suspended below the suspension cables. It is a simplest form of bridge which was made of rope and wood in olden days. The modern Suspension bridge developed was in 19th century. In those bridges the cables are carried by using vertical suspender. The two ends of the cables are suspended on towers. The weight of the bridge is transferred to the anchorage system by cables. The anchorage is fixed firmly on concrete blocks or solid rocks .In order to distribute the load evenly and also to protect the cables from breaking, the cables are spread over a large area inside the anchorage. Historical Background In early times human beings found it very difficult to cross the stream and a deep gorge to survive. A successful solution found out by early people was to drop a tree between the two banks of the deep flowing stream. This results in the idea of simple beam bridge in early times. Early bridges were made of post and lintel structures, stones or timber or the combination of the both. Later on the use of bamboo or simple rope gave rise to the development of rope suspension bridge. Central and South America and are the first to use rope suspension bridge. stock-photo-rope-bridge-suspension-bridge-35093119.jpg Figure:1 ROPE SUSPENSION BRIDGE Later on the chain cables were developed when the wrought iron bars became locally available. The first bridge constructed using chain cables were James Finleyà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s in Westmoreland country, Pennsylvania in 1801.In early British chain bridges the notable one was Menai bridge with 176m span. One of the longest parbolic arc chain was Clifton Suspension bridge. menai-bridge.jpg Figure :2 MENAI BRIDGE clifton-suspension-bridge-bristol-gben440.jpg Figure:3 CLIFTON SUSPENSION BRIDGE After the chain cable the wire-cable was developed. Foot à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬bridge at falls of Schuylkill was the first wire-cable suspension cable developed in 1861.The first major bridge constructed using modern methods was Joseph Chaley Grand Pont Suspendu across in Fribourg across the Sarine valley .Its construction was completed in 1834.The first major wire-cable in USA was the Wire à ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬bridge at Fairmount in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania, span of 109m and the construction was completed during 1842. A notable bridge was Niagara bridge with250m span in 1855.Later on the American Engineers was constructing Suspension Bridge with higher span length. The notable one among them was are Ambassadar bridge in Detroit with 564m span in 1927, George Washington Bridge in New York with 1006m span in 1931 and Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco in 1937.Among the parallel wire cables the Otto Beit bridge outside USA was the first Suspension bridge constructed with modern techniqu es. golden_gate.jpg Figure :4 GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF SUSPENSION BRIDGE Figure 5 Structural Components of Suspension bridge The above figure shows the structural components of a three span Suspension bridge. The different parts of a suspension bridge are Main Cables which support the deck and transfer the loadings to the supporting tower and anchorages. Deck suspended from the main cables. Towers to support the main cables. Hangers which is used to connect main cables and deck Anchorages to which the ends of the main cables are connected to protect it against any movements. 1. CABLES The main function of cables is to support the deck which carries the traffic loadings and to transfer these traffic loadings to the towers and anchorages by direct tension forces. Cables are made of high strength steel wires. The tensile strength of the wire is 1550N/mm2. The cables of the Akashi Kaikyo bridge in Japan is made of wires having high strength with minimum tensile strength of 1800 N/mm2.The steel rods from which the wires are manufactured are having higher carbon content. The wire with high tensile strength is obtained by cold drawing the wire. After the final drawing the wire is galvanized for corrosion protection. 301678.jpg Figure 6 AKASHI KAIKYO BRIDGE Different types of cables a.Spiral Bridge Strands Spiral bridge strands are manufactured by winding several layer of round steel wires in a helical shape onto a straight centre core wire. When layers of wire are laid it should be made sure that an opposite helix to the preceding layer should be laid. Due to twisting of wires spiral strands gets self-compacted under axial loading. As a result of this when the strand is first loaded, non elastic stretch occurs. So in order that the strand should behave elastically, the twisting of wire should be avoided during manufacture. Examples of bridges that have used spiral bridge strand are Tancarville bridge (france) with span length 608m, Cable size is 56no, Diameter of strand is 72mm.Constuction was completed during 1959 Lillebaelt bridge (Denmark) with span length 600m, Cable size 55no, Diameter of strand is 68.7mm and 6no 41.4mm diameter strands. Construction was completed during 1969. Figure 7 Spiral bridge Strand b.Locked Coil Strand Locked coil strands is manufactured in the same way as the spiral strands is manufactured. The only difference between the two is that in locked coil strand the final layer of wires are made up of interlocking Z-shaped wires. As a result of this proportion of the cross sectional area of strand to wire area increases, also a smooth exterior surface is obtained .Examples of bridges that have used Locked coil strands are Tamar bridge (UK) with span length 335m cable size 31no, Diameter of strand is 60mm.Construction was completed during 1961. Rodenkirchan bridge (Germany) with span length 378m, Cable size 37no, Diameter of strand is 69mm.Construction was completed during 1954. Askay bridge (Norway) with span length 850m, Cables size 21no, Diameter of strand is 99mm.Construction is completed during 1993. There are two types of arrangements that can be provided for spiral strands and locked coil strands. One of them is close packed hexagonal formation which has the advantage that the cross-section can be circularized when aluminium or plastic spacer are added and then wrapped properly against corrosion. The other one is an open rectangular array which is rarely used and doesnot have any wrapping operation as in closed packed hexagonal formation. The cable bands are simple fabricated structure. The disadvantage of open rectangular array is that on increasing wind load on the cable it is difficult to conduct inspection and maintenance on the inner strands. c. Parallel wire cable In parallel wire cables, several individual wire over the whole cable length is laid straight and parallel. It is constructed in two ways, by aerial insitu spinning of the wires or by prefabricated parallel wire strands. Insitu span cables : The aerial spinning method was developed during the 19th century and it was mostly used in long span suspension bridge. In this method using the spinning wheel two or four loops of wire are pulled from one anchorage to the other. During each movement of the wheel, required sag is provided to the wire and the cables are assembled. Prefabricated parallel wire bands: In prefabricated parallel wire strands bundles of wires are bound together by keeping plastic tapes at intervals and are prefabricated into hexagonal shaped strands. At each end sockets are fitted. The Akashi kaikyo bridge was the first bridge to use the longest prefabricated parallel wire strands with 127 wire strands, with average strand length of 4073m. 2. DECK The main function of deck is to support the load. The deck is suspended on the main cables by using vertical hangers. The most important load that the deck has to carry is the traffic loadings. The self weight of deck should be low because the deck is carried by the cables. Stiffening girders should be provided in the deck to transfer the loads from the deck to hanger. 3.TOWERS The main function of tower is to support the main cable. The ends of the main cable is connected to the tower which at a sufficient height to provide cable sag. Tower also support the stiffening girder and side span. The initial loadings on the tower will be the vertical load acting at the top of the tower, applied by the main cables, together with the loads acting on cable and bridge deck due to wind load and load acting on stiffening girder. Flexible fixed base are provided for the tower and cable saddles are fixed on the top of the tower. Due to this type of arrangement any movement in the cable saddle due to varying load will result in the longitudinal bending of the tower legs 4.HANGERS The main function of hangers is to connect the bridge deck and stiffening girder to the main cables .Vertical hangers are used with equal intervals along the span. Based on using one or two parts of rope, there are two types of hangers. Two part hangers Two part hanger was used in long span suspension bridges. In this type of hanger the arrangement is in such way that over the main cables the hanger is drapped which is located in the groove of corresponding cable band. Using sockets the bottom ends of the two rope of the hanger are connected to the deck. Hangers are usually made of steel wire rope Single part hangers Single part hangers ends on the underneath of the cable and it is connected to the lower part of the corresponding cable band by a socket and pin connections. The lower end of the hanger is connected to the deck using simple bearing socket. This type of hanger is made up of spiral strand or parallel wires 5.ANCHORAGES The main function of anchorage is to support the ends of the main cable and to prevents any movements in the main cable by transferring the force from the main cable to the ground. Since the anchorage has to resist a large force the design of anchorages is very tough unless the ground on which the anchorage is to be positioned is good and also if sound rock is available in the ground. Avantages and Disadvantages of Suspension bridges Avantages 1.When compared to other bridges, higher spans can be provided for the main span in suspension bridge. 2. Construction cost can be reduced in Suspension bridge due to less material used when compared to other bridges 3. No access is required below during construction of suspension bridge when compared to other bridges. Only for the installation of initial temporary cables the access is required. 4.Suspension bridge can prevent earthquake movements than other bridges. 5. Suspension bridge can be constructed at heights above the waterways to allow the passage of tall ships. Disadvantage Bridge deck vibrating due to heavy wind is prevented using aerodynamic profiling. The deck stiffness of suspension bridge when compared to other bridges is very low. Due to this it makes the bridge very difficult to carry heavy rail traffic. The foundation work is costly and requires more area to combat the effect of heavy load on foundation towers ,when Suspension bridge is constructed on soft ground. NON LINEAR ANALYSIS OF SUSPENSION BRIDGE Suspension bridges was considered as the most efficient and remarkable in architectural appearance when compared to other structural systems. But suspension bridge has more tendency to get deformed due to the asymmetrical loadings. This kind of displacement is called as kinematical diaplacements. There are many ways to reduce the kinematical displacements in suspension bridges. One of the method is, if flexible cables are used in suspension bridges the local bending stiffness is taken into account while analyzing the stress-strain state. Other method to reduce kinematical displacement is to use rigid cables instead of flexible cables. Standard hot rolled or welded sections are used to make the structural elements. Also by using rigid cables it provides the required stiffness for the suspension bridge. The technique is not accurate but can be used or rough calculation. For analysing the suspension bridge made of flexible cables or rigid cables there are some numerical methods. The analysis of suspension bridge made of flexible cable is very difficult when the non-linear behavior is concerned. So it is analyzed based on the assumption that the main cables are made of flexible cables ,when only dead load is acting on the bridge its shape is parabola, all other structural elements are made of ideally elastic material, through out the span of the bridge the bending stiffness of the girder is assumed to be constant, the displacements in the hanger is neglected and the load acting on the cable is considered to be uniform. The loading is in such a way that dead load acts on the cable, the stiffening girder and cable supports the live load. By using these assumption the non-linear analysis is done using certain equations.But while analysisng suspension cables with rigid cables these assumptions are not applicable. In rigid cables there is always some bendi ng stiffness.Also the cables are made up of standard welded or steel sections for the suspension bridge to be initially a stabilized. Grigorjevaet al. (2006) proposed a technique for the analysis of suspension bridge with rigid cables. CASE STUDY Dynamic Response of the Suspension Span of the SAN FRANSICO-OAKLAND BAY BRIDGE The dynamic seismic analysis of the suspension span of San Fransico-Oakland bay bridge was modelled to make astudy on the effects on suspension bridge due to ground motions. Due to the combined effect of motions due to tectonic displacements and seismic waves ,ground motions are developed near-fault regions for along period. In olden days the seismic design codes for the structures were used based on the past experiences and the historical ground motion instrument and signal processing methods were not accurate.So it was very difficult to measure the ground motions. But the development of Modern broad-band, digital instruments helped in measuring the near-fault motions.The effect of long period motion is different for flexible and rigid structures. Rigid bodies will have a natural frequency higher than 0.2Hz and for longer wavelength seismic waves it behaves as a rigid body. But for flexible bodies the natural frequency will be low. Using a finite-element modeling software the structure is modeled.The deck model is a combination of truss,membrane and sway stiffness elements.The steel braced tower is represented by fibre bending elements and the bridge cable is represented by tension-only cable element.The advantage of modelling the structure in this way helps to reduce the degree of freedom which is an essential aspect in the repose of suspension bridge. After the gravity initialization is completed as described in detil by McCallen and Astaneh,2000 ,the explicit integration scheme for non-linear analysis of earthquake motion is done. The ground motions in the near by areas will be affected by various reasons like the superposition of seismic waves, site geological response etc. The effect of these parameters may vary for different ruptures happening in future and these rupture may cause changes displacement in ground, velocities and accelarations. In this study the effect of rupture and wave propagation were studied by providing a parallel and finite difference in computational simulation of the rupture,a three dimensional finite difference calculation, empirical Green function and at seven points in San Fransico-Oakland Bay Bridge the ground motion is computed. By doing the above said it was found out that the far field in the near source can result in fault with periods of 0.2 to 0.5s due to directivity effects and the near field arrivals can result in fault with periods of 0.2 to 0.1 s due to tectonic movements. There are chances for these long period arrivals to accur along with the future earthquakes along the Hayward or San Andreas faults which is nearby San Franciso-Oakland bay Bridge and it will affect the long span bridges in San Fransico bridge. Along the Hayward fault ,five locations along the suspension span of western San Fransico two rupture model were synthesized for a ground motion of Mw =7.25.These were consid ered as mean and other one as standard deviation models.They were represented as HAY06 and HAY31.The ground displacements at the bridge generated was greater for the mean fault than the standard deviation but the standard deviation produced more acceleration and long durations.Analysis of the model has shown that the mean model produced more stress than the standard deviation. The response of Bay bridge is computed against the ground motion from the rupture model HAY06.Due to this displacements occur which indicates that the flexible deck cannot respond as fast as the towers when large displacement occurs. The tower motion lags and then the deck starts to respond when the tower returns with the ground.

Mencius :: essays research papers

Mencius believes that it is our nature and mind that determine what we are. It is our fate that governs our fortunes and determines our lease on life. Fate was originally a patent to a fief-holder, given by the Son of Heaven as Heaven's deputy to a feudatory. In extended usage it became our lot in life - the fate ordained by heaven. While people guard their minds and determine their conduct, they cannot determine their fate, which is in Heaven's hands. So, Mencius believed that though all humans are innately good, the realization of that good comes with self-cultivation and self-knowledge. Hsun-tzu could not accept Mencius idealistic view of human nature, nor did he believe that Heaven was the sole arbiter of human behavior. He believed that the importance of humankind in the universe is equal to but different from the importance of Heaven and Earth: "Heaven has its seasons, Earth has its riches and man has his culture. This is what is meant by the Trinity." Humanity's fun ction is to utilize the resources of Heaven and Earth to create its own culture. This can be done through the strength acquired from social organization. However, because the social organization needs to be regulated, lest it break down, and because "desires are many, but things are few", Hsun-tzu taught that people need to be restricted and guided by rules and morality. In my view of these two philosophers, I feel that Mencius' views are much more common in most religious traditions today. Mencius beliefs are a lot like Christianity, which is the religion that I am most familiar with. He believes that Heaven is a moral force whose mandate is to be respected and followed by human beings. We follow Heaven's mandate by knowing and nourishing our human nature.

Intro to Transportation

Intro to TransportationMarch 20, 2013 Page 1 of 1 Assignment #5 New Brunswick Power turbine As it does not clarify in the readings exactly what the terms of shipment assigned were for the agreement between Siemens and NB Power, I have assumed that the agreement would have specified that Siemens specified that the contract was governed by Incoterms 2010 CFR- St John, New Brunswick, Canada. All responsibility for risk of loss or damage, as well as additional transportation costs now transfer to buyer essay writers for hire. Seller responsibility ceases once goods pass the ships rail at the port of shipment (not destination).NB Power contracted with Irving Equipment to deliver goods via barge to power plant. The bill of lading should read â€Å"FOB Destination†. Costs and responsibility: Rescue/Recovery of Goods from Water- Irving Equipment Responsibility: NB Power contracted services with Irving Equipment and BOL stated FOB Destination- damage or loss to the cargo up to the poin t of delivery to the buyer is responsibility of the shipper. Assessment and Cleaning of Recovered Turbines- Irving Equipment NB Power contracted services with Irving Equipment and BOL stated destination.Replacement/Repair of Turbines: Irving Equipment. Responsibility: NB Power contracted services with Irving Equipment and BOL stated FOB Destination. Damage or loss to the cargo up to the point of delivery to buyer is responsibility of the shipper. Freight (Load Planning)- Irving Equipment Agreement with manufacturer had clearly stated CFR. As per description above NB Power did enter into agreement with Irving Equipment to handle and deliver goods to destination. This shipment would have required load planning expertise to ensure smooth transition. Loss of Revenue for Power Plant: Irving Equipment.As stated above Schedule delays for power plant: Irving Equipment. As stated above NB Power would be able to pursue all identified points above where I believe that Irving Equipment could be held responsible. Unless otherwise specified in their agreement, the liability would probably be limited to a certain amount and NB Power would not recover the costs for the turbines and all extra’s listed above. If NB Power did purchase insurance for this shipment for the full value of goods, they could recover the cost of goods and all other costs depending on type of insurance purchased.

High School compared to middle school

When I got home I would eat something and relax for 1 hour and then I would start my homework around 6 pm. Most times, it would take my 15-20 minutes to finish my homework. If I had any projects or other work to do, it would extend my work time to about 1 hour. But that all changed once I got to high school. Once got to high school, would get home at 7 and as soon as I got home, I had tons of homework. Start my homework at 7:30 pm and if it is normal homework, then I am done at about 9 pm.If I have project or there work, have to work until 11 pm. And that is without AP human geography homework, which itself takes 1 hour per night. The second problem I have is band. Band in middle school is nothing compared to band in high school. When I was in middle school band, practiced for 30 minutes a day and that was enough for me to be good. After school practices were rare events and they lasted for about an hour when we had them. Once got to high school, even one hour of band practice a day isn't enough.And after school rehearsals are an almost everyday thing and each practice is a little more than one hour marching in the hot sun. And being at the Friday football games is mandatory. The games go from 7 pm to 1 0:30 pm and if it is an away game, then you don't get home until 12 midnight. And, in middle school concerts and contests were during the weekdays, but in high school you have to sacrifice your Saturdays to be at the competitions. And if you are not at the Ames or the contests in high school, then you get a detention.So, thinking that high school would be easy was a big mistake. Made this mistake and I am now paying the price. So, no matter what you do, don't make the mistake that made. Make sure you get prepare to have long days and lots of homework. And start preparing for having at most 7 hours of sleep on the wee stays. This is a medium compare-contrast because it is contrasting, but it is only contrasting it is not comparing anything as the same.

Rhetorical Analysis of To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example

Rhetorical Analysis of To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Example Rhetorical Analysis of To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Rhetorical Analysis of To Kill a Mockingbird Essay Essay Topic: Rhetorical To Kill a Mockingbird It is difficult to understand how to analyze a book cover and truly understand what is being portrayed without understanding the value of ethos, logos, and pathos. A book designer team works very hard to design a book cover to draw a reader in and persuade them to read their novel. The designers that illustrated the cover of â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† involved a lot of contrasting colors to catch a potential reader’s eye and convince the reader to buy the novel. There are many different ways to analyze the book cover of â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† by examining the ethos, logos, pathos, and the contrast of colors and characters. The designers of the book cover for â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† strategically foreshadow the theme of racial tension of the novel by contrasting the large, pure white moon behind the dead, black arms of the tree. The tree in this particular cover is an appeal to pathos. The fact that the tree is dead gives a feeling of mournfulness to a potential reader. It delivers the sense of mournfulness by depicting the last few lonely leaves sinking to the earth. The tree is symbolizing the many African American lives that were lost during the lynching parties of this era. The leaves symbolize hope being lost for a unified community in the novel. As another foreshadowing item of the book, Harper Lee’s name on the spine is a pure white against the black tree. This reiteration clearly tells a reader that this is an important theme in the story. The designers of the book cover wanted to make sure readers had an idea of the storyline before opening the book for the first time. This depiction of Harper Lee’s name being pure white on the spine and black on the front cover shows that the main character did not see herself as different from anyone. Instead she saw herself and others as equals regardless of their skin color. This allows a reader to know that the viewpoint of the story is unbiased. The illustrators make an a